In the nearly 40 years since electronic control systems first became common features of industrial machines, controls theory has necessarily evolved to keep pace with machine design. Early on, systems ...

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

Servo controllers commonly use traditional cascaded configurations in which a velocity loop is nested within a position loop. This configuration originated when current and velocity controllers were ...